-
1 mill
[mɪl]1. noun1) a machine, sometimes now electrical, for grinding coffee, pepper etc by crushing it between rough, hard surfaces:مَطْحَنَهa pepper-mill.
2) a building where grain is ground:مَطْحَنَهThe farmer took his corn to the mill.
3) a building where certain types of things are manufactured:مَعْمَلa steel-mill.
2. verb1) to grind or press:يَطْحَنThis flour was milled locally.
2) ( usually with about or around) (of crowds) to move about in a disorganized way:يَتَحَرَّك بِدون نِظامThere's a huge crowd of people milling around outside.
-
2 Mill Warping
This is a system of making warps on a large revolving reel of about 18 yards diameter and used when short warps of 200 yards to 600 yards only are required. After removal from the creel the warp is wound into a ball and then sized. The system is used for the coloured and fancy trade, and in the woollen industry. -
3 Mill Wrinkles
Imperfection in woollen cloth which show as creases and are caused by passing the cloth while twisted through the rollers after washing, thus felting certain parts of the fabrics. -
4 шерстобойня
Русско-английский сельскохозяйственный словарь > шерстобойня
-
5 суконная фабрика
Textile: cloth mill, woollen mill, woollen-goods factory -
6 Werk
n; -(e)s, -e1. (Arbeit, Schöpfung, Kunstwerk, Buch) work; ans Werk! let’s get going!, to work!, (let’s) get cracking umg.; am Werk sein auch iro. be at work; ans Werk gehen set to work; behutsam / geschickt zu Werke gehen go about it carefully / skil(l)fully4. nur Sg.; (Urheberschaft): ein Werk der Terroristen etc. the work of (the) terrorists; es war sein Werk it was his work ( oder doing)5. (Fabrik) works Pl. (auch V. im Sg.), bes. Am. factory; (auch Gaswerk etc.) plant; (Gesellschaft, Unternehmen) company; ab Werk ex works, Am. etwa factory-direct6. (Getriebe, Uhrwerk etc.) works Pl., mechanism* * *das Werk(Fabrik) works; factory; plant;(Leistung) work;(Uhrwerk) mechanism* * *Wẹrk [vɛrk]nt -(e)s, -e1) (= Arbeit, Tätigkeit) work no indef art; (geh = Tat) deed, act; (= Schöpfung, Kunstwerk, Buch) work; (= Gesamtwerk) works plSchweitzer hat in Afrika ein bedeutendes Werk vollbracht —
das Werk jahrelanger Arbeit/seines Fleißes —
du tätest ein gutes Werk, wenn... (auch hum) — you'd be doing me/him etc a favour (Brit) or favor (US) if..., you'd be doing your good deed for the day if... (hum)
ans Werk gehen, sich ans Werk machen, zu Werke gehen (geh) — to set to work, to go to work
(frisch) ans Werk! (old, liter) — to work!
3) (= Triebwerk) works pl, mechanism4) usu pl (= Festungswerke) works pl* * *das1) (something bad caused by a particular person: The broken window was Simon's handiwork.) handiwork2) (a building where certain types of things are manufactured: A woollen-mill; a steel-mill.) mill3) (a painting, book, piece of music etc: the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart; This work was composed in 1816.) work4) (the mechanism (of a watch, clock etc): The works are all rusted.) work5) (deeds, actions etc: She's devoted her life to good works.) work* * *<-[e]s, -e>[vɛrk]nt2. KUNST, LIT workam \Werk sein (pej) to be at workab \Werk ex works5.▶ ein gutes \Werk tun to do a good deed* * *das; Werk[e]s, Werke1) o. Pl. (Arbeit) workam Werk[e] sein — be at work
sich ans Werk machen, ans Werk gehen — set to or go to work
2) (Tat) workdas ist dein Werk! — that is your doing or handiwork
3) (geistiges, künstlerisches Erzeugnis) work4) (Betrieb, Fabrik) factory; plant; works sing. or pl.5) (Mechanismus) mechanismdas Werk einer Uhr/Orgel — the works pl. of a clock/organ
* * *1. (Arbeit, Schöpfung, Kunstwerk, Buch) work;ans Werk! let’s get going!, to work!, (let’s) get cracking umg;am Werk sein auch iron be at work;ans Werk gehen set to work;behutsam/geschickt zu Werke gehen go about it carefully/skil(l)fully3. (Tat) deed, act;gute Werke good deeds;ein gutes Werk tun do a good deedein Werk der Terroristen etc the work of (the) terrorists;es war sein Werk it was his work ( oder doing)5. (Fabrik) works pl (auch v im sg), besonders US factory; (auch Gaswerk etc) plant; (Gesellschaft, Unternehmen) company;ab Werk ex works, US etwa factory-direct6. (Getriebe, Uhrwerk etc) works pl, mechanism* * *das; Werk[e]s, Werke1) o. Pl. (Arbeit) workam Werk[e] sein — be at work
sich ans Werk machen, ans Werk gehen — set to or go to work
2) (Tat) workdas ist dein Werk! — that is your doing or handiwork
3) (geistiges, künstlerisches Erzeugnis) work4) (Betrieb, Fabrik) factory; plant; works sing. or pl.5) (Mechanismus) mechanismdas Werk einer Uhr/Orgel — the works pl. of a clock/organ
* * *-e n.factory n.work n.works n.pl. -
7 Deering, William
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1826 USAd. 1913 USA[br]American entrepreneur who invested in the developing agricultural machinery manufacturing industry and became one of the founders of the International Harvester Company.[br]Deering began work in his father's woollen mill and, with this business experience, developed Deering, Milliken \& Co., a wholesale dry goods business. Deering invested $40,000 in the Marsh reaper business in 1870, and became a partner in 1872. In 1880 he gained full control of the company and took up residence in Chicago, where he set up a factory. In 1878 he saw the Appleby binders, and in November of that year he negotiated a licence agreement for their manufacture. Deering was aware that with only two twine manufacturers operating in the US, the high price of twine was discouraging sales of binders. He therefore entered into an agreement with Edwin H.Fitler of Philadelphia for the production of very large quantities of twine, and in so doing dramatically reduced its price. In 1880 Deering released onto the market 3,000 binders and ten cartloads of twine that he had manufactured secretly. By 1890 McCormick and Deering were market leaders; Deering anticipated McCormick in a number of technical areas and also diversified his business into ore, timber, and a rolling and casting mill. After several false starts, a merger between the two companies took place on 12 August 1902 to form the International Harvester Company, with Deering as chairman of the voting trust which was established to control it. The company expanded into Canada in 1903 and into Europe in 1905. It began its first experiments with tractors in that same year and produced the first production models in 1906. The company went into truck production in 1907.[br]Further ReadingC.H.Wendell, 1981, 150 Years of International Harvester, Crestlink Publishing (though more concerned with the machinery produced by International Harvester, this gives an account of its originating companies, and the personalities behind them).H.N.Casson, 1908, The Romance of the Reaper, Doubleday Page (deals with McCormick, Deering and the formation of International Harvester).AP -
8 Moulton, Alexander
[br]b. 9 April 1920 Stratford-on-Avon[br]English inventor of vehicle suspension systems and the Moulton bicycle.[br]He spent his childhood at The Hall in Bradfordon-Avon. He was educated at Marlborough College, and in 1937 was apprenticed to the Sentinel Steam Wagon Company of Shrewsbury. About that same time he went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos. It was then wartime, and he did research on aero-engines at the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he became Personal Assistant to Sir Roy Fedden. He left Bristol's in 1945 to join his family firm, Spencer \& Moulton, of which he eventually became Technical Director and built up the Research Department. In 1948 he invented his first suspension unit, the "Flexitor", in which an inner shaft and an outer shell were separated by an annular rubber body which was bonded to both.In 1848 his great-grandfather had founded the family firm in an old woollen mill, to manufacture vulcanized rubber products under Charles Goodyear's patent. The firm remained a family business with Spencer's, consultants in railway engineering, until 1956 when it was sold to the Avon Rubber Company. He then formed Moulton Developments to continue his work on vehicle suspensions in the stables attached to The Hall. Sponsored by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and the Dunlop Rubber Company, he invented a rubber cone spring in 1951 which was later used in the BMC Mini (see Issigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine): by 1994 over 4 million Minis had been fitted with these springs, made by Dunlop. In 1954 he patented the Hydrolastic suspension system, in which all four wheels were independently sprung with combined rubber springs and damper assembly, the weight being supported by fluid under pressure, and the wheels on each side being interconnected, front to rear. In 1962 he formed Moulton Bicycles Ltd, having designed an improved bicycle system for adult use. The conventional bicycle frame was replaced by a flat-sided oval steel tube F-frame on a novel rubber front and rear suspension, with the wheel size reduced to 41 cm (16 in.) with high-pressure tyres. Raleigh Industries Ltd having refused his offer to produce the Moulton Bicycle under licence, he set up his own factory on his estate, producing 25,000 bicycles between 1963 and 1966. In 1967 he sold out to Raleigh and set up as Bicycle Consultants Ltd while continuing the suspension development of Moulton Developments Ltd. In the 1970s the combined firms employed some forty staff, nearly 50 per cent of whom were graduates.He won the Queen's Award for Industry in 1967 for technical innovation in Hydrolastic car suspension and the Moulton Bicycle. Since that time he has continued his innovative work on suspensions and the bicycle. In 1983 he introduced the AM bicycle series of very sophisticated space-frame design with suspension and 43 cm (17 in.) wheels; this machine holds the world speed record fully formed at 82 km/h (51 mph). The current Rover 100 and MGF use his Hydragas interconnected suspension. By 1994 over 7 million cars had been fitted with Moulton suspensions. He has won many design awards and prizes, and has been awarded three honorary doctorates of engineering. He is active in engineering and design education.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsQueen's Award for Industry 1967; CBE; RDI. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.Further ReadingP.R.Whitfield, 1975, Creativity in Industry, London: Penguin Books.IMcN -
9 Warping
General term for processes after winding concerned in preparing weaver's and knitter's warps. Methods of warping vary according to (1) the yarns employed (2) whether they are sized or not, and (3) at what state sizing takes place. There are at least seven methods of warp preparation, e.g., beam warping, direct warping, mill warping on vertical mills, section warping on horizontal mills and in cheeses on section blocks, Scotch dresser sizing, Scotch warp dressing, and Yorkshire warp dressing. Beam Warping is the system in general use for making grey cotton goods. The beam warper comprises a creel for the supply ends, which may be on double-flanged bobbins, cones or cheeses, and a beaming head which comprises mechanism for mounting and rotating a warper's beam and means for winding the yarn from the creel supply on to the beam under suitable tension. The number of ends and length of warp on a back or warper's beam is related to what is required in the weaver's beam. Assuming the weaver's beams were required to have 2928 ends, 24's warp, and 8 cuts of 96 yards each, the back beams for a set might have 2928: 6 = 488 ends, and 2 X 6 X 8 X 96 = 9216 yards. On the slasher sizing machine six back beams would be run together, thereby producing 12 weaver's beams each containing 2928 ends 768 yards long. Warp Beaming Speeds - With the old type of warp beaming machine taking supply from unrolling double-flanged bobbins, the warping speed would be about 70 yards per minute. In modern beam warpers taking supply overend from cones, the warping speed is up to 250 yards per minute. With beam barrels of 41/2-in. dia., and up to 500 yards per minute with barrels of 10-in. dia. Warp and Weft Knitted Fabrics - Warp knitted fabrics in which extra yarn is introduced in the form of weft threads which are laid in between the warp threads and their needles for the purpose of adding extra weight and for patterning purposes. Warp Loom Tapes - Narrow knitted fabrics usually less than one inch wide used for trimming garments. They are knitted on circular latch needle machines, but the tapes are flat. Direct Warping - A method used in making warps for towels, fustians, and other fabrics in which the total number of ends can be accommodated in one creel, say not more than 1,000 ends. The threads are run from the creel direct to the weaver's beam on a machine similar to that used in section beam warping. Mill Warping - There are two distinctly different methods of mill warping. On the vertical mill, which may be anything up to 20 yards in circumference, the number of ends in the complete warp is obtained by repeating the runs the required number of times, e.g., with 200 bobbins in the creel, 4 runs would give a warp of 800 ends. The length of the warp is determined by the number of revolutions made by the mill for each run. The horizontal mill is much used in Yorkshire for making woollen and worsted warps It is used to a small extent for cotton warps and is largely used for making silk and rayon warps. The mill or swift is usually about 5 yards in circumference. Its distinctive feature is the making of warps in sections which are wound on the mill in overlapping manner. The creel capacity varies from 250 to 600 ends, and with 500 ends in the creel a warp of 5,000 ends would require ten sections. Section Warping for Coloured Goods - This is a system of making coloured striped warps from hank-dyed and bleached yarns. The bobbins are creeled to pattern, one or more complete patterns to each section. Each section is the full length of the warp and is run on a small section block keywayed to fit a key on the shaft of the subsequent beaming machine where the sections are placed side by side and run on the weaver's beam. Scotch Dresser Sizing - There are two systems of warp preparation known as Scotch dressing. 1. Dresser sizing used for sizing warps for linen damasks, etc. Back beams are first made and placed in two beam creels, one on each side of the headstock. The threads from several back beams are collected in one sheet of yarn, sized by passage through a size-box, brushed by a revolving brush, dried by hot air, and passed vertically upwards where both sheets of warp threads are united and pass on to the weaver's beam in a single sheet. Scotch Warp Dressing - The other method of Scotch dressing is used in the preparation of coloured striped warps, usually from warp-dyed and bleached yarn. It consists in splitting off from ball warps previously dyed or bleached and sized, the number of ends of each colour required in the finished warp. Each group is then wound on separate flanged warpers' beams. These beams are placed in a creel and the ends drawn through a reed according to pattern, and wound finally on to the weavers' beams. Yorkshire Warp Dressing - This is a system used mostly in the preparation of coloured striped warps. It is also invaluable in preparing warps dyed and sized in warp form to prevent shadiness in the cloth. Four warps with the same number of ends in each are dyed the same colour, and in sleying, one end from each warp is put in each dent of the reed. Any tendency to shadiness arising from irregularity in dyeing is thereby effectively eliminated. In striped work the required ends are split off if necessary from a larger ball warp, sleyed to pattern in the reed, and then run under controlled tension on to the weaver's beam. The dresser uses a brush as long as the width of the warp to brush out entangled places where the threads have adhered together with size. Yorkshire dressing provides perfect warps with every thread in its proper place on the weaver's beam, no crossed or missing threads, and a minimum of knots. -
10 Cockerill, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1759 Lancashire, Englandd. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)[br]English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.[br]William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.[br]Further ReadingW.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).RTS / RLH -
11 Lewis, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. c. 1815 England[br]English developer of a machine for shearing woollen cloth with rotary cutters.[br]To give a smooth surface to cloth such as the old English broadcloth, the nap was raised and then sheared off. Hand-operated shears of enormous size were used to cut the fibres that stuck up when the cloth was laid over a curved table top. Great skill was required to achieve a smooth finish. Various attempts, such as that in 1784 by James Harmer, a clergyman of Sheffield, were made to mechanize the process by placing several pairs of shears in a frame and operating them by cranks, but success was not achieved. Samuel G. Dow of Albany, New York, patented a rotary shearer in England in 1794, and there was Samuel Dore in the same year too. John Lewis never claimed that he invented the rotary cutter, and it is possible that he made have seen drawings or actual examples of these earlier machines. His claim in his patent of 1815 was that, for the first time, he brought together a number of desirable features in one machine for shearing cloth to achieve the first really successful example. The local story in the Stroudwater district in Gloucestershire is that Lewis obtained this idea from Budding, who as a lad worked for the Lewis family, clothiers at Brinscombe Mills; Budding invented a lawn mower with rotary barrel blades that works on the same principle, patenting it in 1830. In the shearing machine, the cloth was moved underneath the blades, which could be of the same width so that only one operation was needed for each side. Other inventors had similar ideas, and a Stroud engineer, Stephen Price, took out a patent a month after Lewis did. These machines spread quickly in the Gloucestershire textile industry, and by 1830 hand-shearing was extinct. John Lewis was the son of Joseph, who had inherited the Brinscombe Mills in 1790 but must have died before 1815, when his children mortgaged the property for £12,000. Joseph's three sons, George, William and John, worked the mill for a time, but in 1840 William was there alone.[br]Bibliography1815, British patent no. 3,945 (rotary shearing machine).Further ReadingJ. de L.Mann, 1971, The Cloth Industry in the West of England from 1660 to 1880, Oxford (the best account of the introduction of the shearing machines).J.Tann, 1967, Gloucestershire Woollen Mills, Newton Abbot (includes notes about the Brinscombe Mills).K.G.Ponting, 1971, The Woollen Industry of South-West England, Bath; and H.A.Randall, 1965–6, "Some mid-Gloucestershire engineers and inventors", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 38 (both mention Lewis's machine).RLH -
12 Wollspinnerei
f wool (-len) mill* * *Woll|spin|ne|reif2) (Tätigkeit) wool-spinning* * *Wollspinnerei f wool(-len) mill* * *f.wool spinning mill n. -
13 lanificio sm
[lani'fitʃo] lanificio (-ci)wool mill, woollen Brit o woolen Am mill -
14 lanificio
sm [lani'fitʃo] lanificio (-ci)wool mill, woollen Brit o woolen Am mill -
15 Hyatt, John Wesley
[br]b. 28 November 1837 Starkey, New York, USAd. 10 May 1920 Short Hills, New Jersey, USA[br]American inventor and the first successful manufacturer of celluloid.[br]Leaving school at the age of 16, Hyatt spent ten years in the printing trade, demonstrating meanwhile a talent for invention. The offer of a prize of $10,000 for finding a substitute for ivory billiard balls stimulated Hyatt to experiment with various materials. After many failures, he arrived at a composition of paper flock, shellac and collodion, which was widely adopted. Noting the "skin" left after evaporating collodion, he continued his experiments, using nitrocellulose as a base for plastic materials, yet he remained largely ignorant of both chemistry and the dangers of this explosive substance. Independently of Parkes in England, he found that a mixture of nitrocellulose, camphor and a little alcohol could, by heating, be made soft enough to mould but became hard at room temperature. Hyatt's first patent for the material, celluloid, was dated 12 July 1870 (US pat. 105338) and was followed by many others for making domestic and decorative articles of celluloid, replacing more expensive natural materials. Manufacture began at Albany in the winter of 1872–3. In 1881 Hyatt and his brother Isiah Smith floated the Hyatt Pure Water Company. By introducing purifying coagulants into flowing water, they avoided the expense and delay of allowing the water to settle in large tanks before filtration. Many towns and paper and woollen mills adopted the new process, and in 1891 it was introduced into Europe. During 1891–2, Hyatt devised a widely used type of roller bearing. Later inventions included a sugar-cane mill, a multistitch sewing machine and a mill for the cold rolling and straightening of steel shafts. It was characteristic of Hyatt's varied inventions that they achieved improved results at less expense.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of Chemical Industry Perkin Medal 1914.Bibliography12 July 1870, US patent no. 105,338 (celluloid).Further ReadingObituary, 1920, Chem. Metal. Eng. (19 May).J. Soc. Chem. Ind. for 16 March 1914 and J. Ind. Eng. Chem. for March 1914 carried accounts of Hyatt's achievements, on the occasion of his award of the Perkin Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry in that year.LRD -
16 zakła|d
m (G zakładu) 1. (przedsiębiorstwo) factory, plant- zakłady wełniarskie/bawełniane a woollen/cotton mill- zakład przemysłowy an industrial plant- towar z renomowanego zakładu produkcyjnego goods from a renowned production plant- pracował w pobliskim zakładzie he worked in the nearby factory2. (przedsiębiorstwo usługowe) work(shop), works- zakład użyteczności publicznej a utility company- zakład kuśnierski the furrier’s- zakład fryzjerski the hairdresser’s- zakład pogrzebowy an undertaker, a funeral parlour- zakład szewski a shoe repair shop- zakład energetyczny the electricity board- zakład użyteczności publicznej a public utility company- zakład ubezpieczeń an insurance company3. (instytucja ograniczająca wolność) zakład poprawczy a correction centre, a young offenders’ institution- zakład penitencjarny a penitentiary- umieścili ją w zakładzie she was institutionalized4. (w wyższych uczelniach) unit- zakład badawczy a research unit- zakład doświadczalny an experimental unit5. (umowa o ustaloną nagrodę) bet; wager książk.- zakład o tysiąc złotych a one thousand zloty bet- pójść o zakład, że… to make a. lay a bet that…- przyjmować zakłady to take bets- trzymam zakład, że nie przyjdą I bet a. my bet is they don’t come- idę o zakład, że stchórzysz! I bet you’ll turn chicken!- punkt przyjmowania zakładów a betting shop- zakłady piłkarskie football pools- pospiesznie wysłał zakłady he quickly sent off the lottery/pools coupons6. (podwinięty brzeg, obręb) hem 7. (teren polowania) Myślis. shoot GB- □ zakład karny prison- zakład Pascala Pascal’s Wager- zakład pracy work place- zakład pracy chronionej sheltered workshop- zakład w ciemno ante-post bet- zakład zbiorowego żywienia catering establishment■ przeciąć zakład to seal a betThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > zakła|d
-
17 готовые изделия
1. final goods2. final products3. finished material4. finished product5. wholly manufactured goods6. wrought goodsизделия из сырцовых тканей — goods in the grey, greys
трикотаж, трикотажные изделия — knitted goods
-
18 изделие
1. fabric2. job3. produce4. waresглиняная посуда; гончарные изделия — yellow ware
5. workpiece6. articleмаканое изделие; бесшовное изделие — seamless article
7. item8. product9. ware10. make; product; production; article; needlework; work; goods11. manufacture -
19 промышленные изделия
1. articles of manufactoryмаканое изделие; бесшовное изделие — seamless article
2. industrial goods3. industrial productsРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > промышленные изделия
-
20 Arnold, Aza
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 4 October 1788 Smithfield, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USAd. 1865 Washington, DC, USA[br]American textile machinist who applied the differential motion to roving frames, solving the problem of winding on the delicate cotton rovings.[br]He was the son of Benjamin and Isabel Arnold, but his mother died when he was 2 years old and after his father's second marriage he was largely left to look after himself. After attending the village school he learnt the trade of a carpenter, and following this he became a machinist. He entered the employment of Samuel Slater, but left after a few years to engage in the unsuccessful manufacture of woollen blankets. He became involved in an engineering shop, where he devised a machine for taking wool off a carding machine and making it into endless slivers or rovings for spinning. He then became associated with a cotton-spinning mill, which led to his most important invention. The carded cotton sliver had to be reduced in thickness before it could be spun on the final machines such as the mule or the waterframe. The roving, as the mass of cotton fibres was called at this stage, was thin and very delicate because it could not be twisted to give strength, as this would not allow it to be drawn out again during the next stage. In order to wind the roving on to bobbins, the speed of the bobbin had to be just right but the diameter of the bobbin increased as it was filled. Obtaining the correct reduction in speed as the circumference increased was partially solved by the use of double-coned pulleys, but the driving belt was liable to slip owing to the power that had to be transmitted.The final solution to the problem came with the introduction of the differential drive with bevel gears or a sun-and-planet motion. Arnold had invented this compound motion in 1818 but did not think of applying it to the roving frame until 1820. It combined the direct-gearing drive from the main shaft of the machine with that from the cone-drum drive so that the latter only provided the difference between flyer and bobbin speeds, which meant that most of the transmission power was taken away from the belt. The patent for this invention was issued to Arnold on 23 January 1823 and was soon copied in Britain by Henry Houldsworth, although J.Green of Mansfield may have originated it independendy in the same year. Arnold's patent was widely infringed in America and he sued the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, machine makers for the Lowell manufacturers, for $30,000, eventually receiving $3,500 compensation. Arnold had his own machine shop but he gave it up in 1838 and moved the Philadelphia, where he operated the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850 he went to Washington, DC, and became a patent attorney, remaining as such until his death. On 24 June 1856 he was granted patent for a self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines.[br]Bibliography28 June 1856, US patent no. 15,163 (self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines).Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, Vol. 1.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a description of the principles of the differential gear applied to the roving frame).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford (a discussion of the introduction and spread of Arnold's gear).RLH
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
woollen mill — noun A mill where wool is spun and woven into fabric • • • Main Entry: ↑woollen … Useful english dictionary
Edinburgh Woollen Mill — Infobox Company company name = The Edinburgh Woollen Mill Ltd company company type = Private Limited Company (Ltd) foundation = 1947 location = Langholm, Scotland, UK key people = Drew Stevenson (Founder), David Stevenson (First Chairman,… … Wikipedia
woollen — wool|len BrE woolen AmE [ˈwulən] adj [only before noun] 1.) made of wool = ↑wool ▪ a woollen scarf 2.) relating to making cloth from wool ▪ the woollen industry ▪ a woollen mill … Dictionary of contemporary English
mill — 1 noun (C) 1 a building containing a large machine for crushing grain into flour, or the machine itself: an old mill with a ruined water wheel 2 a factory that produces materials such as cotton, cloth, steel: a woollen mill 3 coffee/pepper mill a … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
mill — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 for making flour, etc. ADJECTIVE ▪ corn (BrE), flour, grain ▪ water (usually watermill) VERB + MILL ▪ op … Collocations dictionary
woollen — Woolen Wool en, a. [OE. wollen; cf. AS. wyllen. See {Wool}.] [Written also {woollen}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Made of wool; consisting of wool; as, woolen goods. [1913 Webster] 2. Of or pertaining to wool or woolen cloths; as, woolen manufactures; a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
woollen — adj. Woollen/woolen is used with these nouns: ↑blanket, ↑cardigan, ↑cloak, ↑cloth, ↑fabric, ↑garment, ↑glove, ↑hat, ↑jumper, ↑mill, ↑pullover, ↑scarf, ↑ … Collocations dictionary
National Woollen Museum — National Woollen Museum. The National Woollen Museum located in Drefach Felindre, Llandysul, Carmarthenshire is part of the National Museum Wales. Contents 1 … Wikipedia
Blarney Woollen Mills Hotel — (Бларни,Ирландия) Категория отеля: 3 звездочный отель Адрес: St. Ann s Road … Каталог отелей
May Mill, Pemberton — Coordinates: 53°31′39″N 2°40′11″W / 53.5276°N 2.6698°E / 53.5276; 2.6698 … Wikipedia
wool mill — noun A woollen mill • • • Main Entry: ↑wool … Useful english dictionary